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Beliefs about and Attitudes Toward Menstruation (BATM)

Beliefs about and Attitude toward Menstruation (BATM) is a 45-item measure that can be applied to men and women to understand beliefs and attitudes, inclusive of feelings, towards menstruation. The measure has five sub-dimensions of secrecy, annoyance, proscriptions and prescriptions, disability and pleasant to capture the range of beliefs and attitudes around menstruation.

Categories

Geographies Tested: Mexico,United States of America

Populations Included: Female, Male

Age Range: Adults

Items:

Secrecy
*1. It is important to talk about the menstrual period with men / It is important that women talk about the menstrual period with men
*2. It is important to discuss the topic of the period at school with boys and girls together / It is important to discuss the topic of the period at school with boys and girls together
3. We women must hide anything that shows that we are having our periods / Women must hide anything that shows that they are having their periods
4. It is important to buy sanitary pads without being seen / It is important that women buy sanitary pads without being seen
5. It is uncomfortable for us women to talk about our periods / It is uncomfortable for men to talk about the period
6. It is important that nobody knows when a woman is having her period / It is important that nobody knows when a woman is having her period
7. It is embarrassing when a man finds out that a woman is having her period/ It is embarrassing when a man finds out that a woman is having her period
8. Women blush when we see an advertisement about sanitary pads when we are with a man / Men blush when we see an advertisement about sanitary pads when we are with a woman
9. It is important to keep the period a secret / It is important to keep the period a secret
10. We women should avoid talking about our periods when there are men present / Women should avoid talking about their periods when there are men present
*11. It is important to discuss the topic of the period at home openly / It is important to discuss the topic of the period at home openly
12. Women must stay away from men while we are having our periods / Women must stay away from men while they are having their periods

Annoyance
13. I think there are times when we women cannot stand our periods / There are times when women cannot stand their periods
14. The period is dirty / The period is dirty
15. Men have a great advantage not having the annoyance of the period / Men have a great advantage not having the annoyance of the period
16. We women wish that the period would last for just a few minutes / Women wish that the period would last for just a few minutes
17. Women wish that we did not have our periods / Women wish that they did not have their periods
18. The period is annoying / The period is annoying
19. The period is painful / I think the period is painful
20. It is uncomfortable for us women to have our periods / It is uncomfortable for women to have their periods
21. The period is a big problem / The period is a big problem for women
22. The period is something that we women have to bear / The period is something that women have to bear
23. It is hard to live with the period / It is hard for women to live with the period
24. It is annoying for us women to have the period every month / It is annoying for women to have the period every month
25. The period is really annoying / The period is really annoying for women

Proscriptions and Prescriptions
26. Women must avoid swimming while we are having our periods / Women must avoid swimming while they are having their periods
27. Women must avoid eating or drinking cold things when we are having our periods / Women must avoid eating or drinking cold things when they are having their periods
28. Women must avoid smoking while we are having our periods / Women must avoid smoking while they are having their periods
29. Women must avoid eating certain foods while we are having our periods / Women must avoid eating certain foods while they are having their periods
30. Women must drink tea while we are having our periods / Women must drink tea while they are having their periods
31. Women must avoid carrying heavy things when we are having our periods / Women must avoid carrying heavy things when they are having their periods
32. Women must take showers with hot water while we are having our periods / Women must take showers with hot water while they are having their periods
33. Women must avoid exercising while we are having our periods / Women must avoid exercising while they are having their periods
34. Women must eat or drink hot things when we are having our periods / Women must eat or drink hot things when they are having their periods

Disability
35. The period affects the performance of women at work / The period affects the performance of women at work
36. The period disables women / The period disables women
37. The period affects a woman’s ability to do housework / The period affects women’s abilities to do housework
38. Having the period is a punishment for women / Having the period is a punishment for women
39. The period affects women’s daily activities / The period affects women’s daily activities

Pleasant
40. Women are proud when we start having our periods / Women are proud when they start having their periods
41. There are women who feel content to have their periods / There are women who feel content to have their periods
42. There are women who are happy every time they have their periods / There are women who are happy every time they have their periods
43. There are women who enjoy having their periods / There are women who enjoy having their periods
44. There are women who look more attractive while they are having their periods / There are women who look more attractive while they are having their periods
45. Women get excited when we have our first periods / Women get excited when they have their first periods

Response Options:
Strongly disagree - 1
Strongly agree - 5

*Items are reverse scored.

Scoring Procedures

Not Available

Original Citation

Marvan, M. L., Ramirez-Esparza, D., Cortes-Iniestra, S., & Chrisler, J. C. (2006). Development of a new scale to measure Beliefs about and Attitudes Toward Menstruation (BATM): Data from Mexico and the United States. Health Care for Women International, 27(5), 453-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330600629658


Psychometric Score

Ease of Use Score

Scoring breakdown

Formative Research

Qualitative Research

Existing Literature/Theoretical Framework

Field Expert Input

Cognitive Interviews / Pilot Testing

Reliability

Internal

Test-retest

Interrater

Validity

Content

Face

Criterion (gold-standard)

Construct

KEY

Ease of Use

Readability

Scoring Clarity

Length

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